Browsing by Author "Rossner Campos, Alfred Armin"

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    Adsorption of Methyl Tertiary-Butyl Ether on High-Silica Zeolites: Effects of Adsorbent Characteristics and Natural Organic Matter on Adsorption Isotherms
    (2004-08-06) Rossner Campos, Alfred Armin; Detlef R.U. Knappe, Committee Chair; Joel J. Ducoste, Committee Member; Morton A. Barlaz, Committee Member
    Methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE) is frequently detected in surface and ground water. Because of its hydrophilicity, MTBE is difficult to remove from aqueous solution by activated carbon adsorption processes. In drinking water treatment applications, natural organic matter (NOM) also adsorbs on activated carbons, which further decreases the MTBE adsorption capacity. Unlike activated carbons, high-silica zeolites are adsorbents with well-defined pore sizes. From a drinking water treatment perspective, it may be possible to select high-silica zeolites with pore sizes that are suitable for the adsorption of smaller organic contaminants while preventing the adsorption of competing NOM components of larger molecular size. Therefore, the objectives of this research were to evaluate the effects of zeolite pore structure and hydrophobicity on the adsorption of MTBE in the presence of NOM. MTBE adsorption isotherm data were collected for a matrix of high-silica zeolites with different pore sizes (ZSM-5/silicalite, Mordenite, Beta, Y), exchangeable cations (H+, Na+, NH4+), and hydrophobicities (SiO2/Al2O3 ratios). MTBE adsorption capacities of high-silica zeolites were compared to those of three GACs (one coconut-shell-based, two coal-based) and a carbonaceous resin (Ambersorb 563). Single-solute isotherm tests were conducted in ultrapure water buffered at pH 7.2. Additional isotherm studies were conducted to determine the effects of co-adsorbing and preloaded NOM on MTBE adsorption from Tar River water (Greenville, NC). Single-solute MTBE adsorption isotherm data showed that high-silica zeolites with smaller pores (ZSM-5/silicalite, Mordenite) were more effective adsorbents for MTBE than zeolites with somewhat larger pores (Beta, Y). Over a range of 90-700, the SiO2/Al2O3 ratio of the tested ZSM-5 zeolites had no effect on MTBE adsorption capacity. Similarly, the exchangeable cation (H+, Na+, NH4+) of high-silica ZSM-5 zeolites had little effect on MTBE adsorption at the tested conditions, and no zeolite-catalyzed MTBE hydrolysis was apparent for ZSM-5 zeolites in the H+ form. For high-silica zeolites, co-adsorbing and preloaded NOM lowered the single-solute MTBE adsorption capacity at a liquid-phase MTBE concentration of 10 μg/L (q10) by 0-23%. Similar decreases in MTBE adsorption capacity as a result of NOM adsorption were measured for the coconut-shell-based activated carbon CC-602; however, its MTBE adsorption capacity (q10) was only about 25% of that obtained for ZSM-5 zeolites. In the presence of preloaded NOM, the MTBE adsorption capacity of the carbonaceous resin (q10) decreased by about 47% relative to the single-solute value while that of one coal-based activated carbon decreased by almost 60%. Overall, the coal-based activated carbons exhibited the smallest MTBE adsorption capacities (q10), which were approximately one order of magnitude lower than those of the ZSM-5 zeolites. Using an equilibrium model, adsorbent usage rates (AURs) and costs associated with adsorbent usage were calculated to evaluate the feasibility of zeolite-based adsorption systems. The latter analysis showed that the lowest treatment cost ($0.7/1000 gal) was associated with the usage of HiSiv3000 zeolite (cost: ~$7/lb) and CC-602 GAC (cost: ~1.50/lb). Despite the similar cost for these two adsorbents, the zeolite-based adsorption system may be more advantageous because (1) the AUR calculated for the HiSiv3000 zeolite was less than 25% of that calculated for the CC-602 GAC and (2) the calculated bed life for a packed bed adsorber containing HiSiv3000 zeolite was more than 6 times longer than that for an equally sized packed bed adsorber containing CC-602 GAC, a result that was affected by the lower packed bed density of the latter adsorbent. Thus, adsorbent replacement/ regeneration would have to occur on a less frequent basis when zeolites are used. Finally, it may be possible to regenerate spent high-silica zeolite with steam or microwave methods rather than with more energy-intensive thermal methods. This opportunity could further lower the cost of zeolite-based adsorption systems for MTBE removal from water.
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    Removal of Polar and Emerging Organic Contaminants by Alternative Adsorbents.
    (2008-12-05) Rossner Campos, Alfred Armin; George W. Roberts, Committee Member; Detlef Knappe, Committee Chair; Dean L. Hesterberg , Committee Member; Joel Ducoste, Committee Member
    The removal of polar and ionizable organic contaminants from drinking water sources is a challenge for water utilities. Prescription and non-prescription drugs are present at detectable levels in many US surface waters, and conventional water treatment processes do not provide an effective barrier for many emerging contaminants. Therefore, effective treatment technologies are required to successfully remove these contaminants from drinking water. In this study the effectiveness of alternative adsorbents for the removal of MTBE was evaluated. Additionally, adsorbent, adsorbate, and water characteristics that affect ionizable organic contaminant adsorption were identified. In the first phase of this research, the MTBE removal effectiveness of activated carbon, a carbonaceous resin and a silicalite zeolite was compared. Isotherm and short bed adsorber tests were conducted in ultrapure water and river water to obtain parameters describing MTBE adsorption equilibria and kinetics and to quantify the effect of natural organic matter (NOM) on MTBE adsorption. Both the silicalite zeolite and the carbonaceous resin exhibited larger MTBE adsorption uptakes than the tested GAC. Results showed that GAC was the most cost-competitive adsorbent when considering adsorbent usage rate only; however, the useful life of an adsorber containing silicalite zeolite was predicted to be ~5-6 times longer than that of an equally sized adsorber containing GAC. Pilot column results also showed that NOM preloading did not impair the MTBE removal efficiency of the silicalite zeolite. Thus, it may be possible to regenerate spent silicalite with less energy-intensive methods than those required to regenerate GAC. One activated carbon, one carbonaceous resin, and two high-silica zeolites were studied to evaluate their effectiveness for the removal of an emerging pollutant of concern (EPOC) mixture from lake water. Adsorption isotherm experiments were performed with environmentally relevant concentrations of the 28 targeted EPOCs (~200-900 ng/L). Among the tested adsorbents, activated carbon was the most effective, and activated carbon doses typically used for taste and odor control in drinking water (1-10 mg/L) were sufficient to achieve a 2-log removal for most of the tested EPOCs. The results of this study demonstrate that heterogeneity in pore size and shape along with a large pore volume in the 6-9 Ã… size range are important adsorbent characteristics when an effective barrier against a broad spectrum of EPOCs is desired. Five carbonaceous adsorbents were evaluated to adsorbed sulfamethoxazole (SMX) and trimethoprim (TMP) at different solution pHs. Results indicated that activated carbon AC1230C more effectively removed both compounds from ultra-pure water (UPW), Tar River water (TRW), and Lake Mead water (LMW). TMP and SMX were more effectively removed at pHs at which both SMX and TMP were primarily in the neutral form. Normalizing the equilibrium liquid-phase concentration of SMX and TMP by the pH-dependent solubility of the compounds was effective. Only at solution pHs where repulsive electrostatic interactions proved to be important the normalization procedure was not able to account for the pH-dependency of the adsorption capacity of the ionizable organic compounds. Finally, the effect of preloading reduced TMP and SMX adsorption capacities similarly at pH 7.8. SMX adsorption capacities for fresh F400 GAC at pH 3.6 and 5.8 were similar. In contrast for the preloaded GAC the SMX adsorption capacity at pH 5.8 was lower than at pH 3.6. This was related to the decrease in pHPZC and increase in acidic groups of the activated carbon surface with preloaded NOM.