Browsing by Author "Turner B. Sutton, Committee Member"

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    Mating disruption for control of the Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera:Tortricidae), in North Carolina apple orchards.
    (2003-07-31) Kovanci, Orkun B; Coby Schal, Committee Member; George G. Kennedy, Committee Co-Chair; Turner B. Sutton, Committee Member; James F. Walgenbach, Committee Co-Chair
    Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck), has been a primary pest of peaches for many years throughout the world, and recently it has also emerged as a key pest of apples in the eastern United States. The implementation of the Food Quality Protection Act has eliminated the use of many organophosphate insecticides and encouraged the search for alternatives to organophosphates for control of Oriental fruit moth. Large and small plot studies were conducted to evaluate mating disruption as an alternative control tactic against Oriental fruit moth in North Carolina apple orchards during 2000-2002. The efficacy of Isomate-M 100 pheromone dispensers and microencapsulated sprayable pheromone was compared to insecticide-treated and non-managed orchards. Pheromone trap catches were significantly reduced in mating disruption blocks compared with conventional and non-managed orchards. Pheromone traps placed in the upper canopy captured significantly more moths than traps placed in the lower canopy across all treatments. Male OFM responded optimally to traps baited with 100 μg lures compared with 30 and 300 μg lures regardless of treatment. The loss of OFM pheromone from red rubber septa over a four-wk period exhibited a first-order release rate for septa loaded with 100 and 300 μg pheromone, but a more constant release rate from septa loaded with 30 μg pheromone. Based on pheromone trap captures, there was little difference among rates of sprayable pheromone ranging from 12.4 to 49.1 g (ai)/ha, but efficacy declined at 2.4 g (ai)/ha applied at monthly intervals. The 6.2 g (ai)/ha rate applied at 2-wk intervals was significantly less effective than monthly applications of 12.4 and 24.7 g (ai)/ha. Significantly fewer moths were caught in pheromone traps deployed in blocks treated in late May with Isomate-M 100, Isomate-M Rosso and Isomate-M 100 plus 3M sprayable pheromone compared with traps in conventional insecticide treatments, and Isomate-M 100 applied in late June. Overall, fruit damage by OFM larvae was quite low in mating disruption blocks.
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    Oriental fruit moth phenology in North Carolina apples and ecdysone agonist activity on oriental fruit moth and codling moth.
    (2003-06-13) Borchert, Daniel Michael; James F. Walgenbach, Committee Co-Chair; George G. Kennedy, Committee Co-Chair; Ronald Stinner, Committee Member; Turner B. Sutton, Committee Member
    Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta (Busck) and codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), are internal fruit pests of apple. Codling moth is recognized as a pest of apple, but until the last several years, oriental fruit moth was considered primarily a pest of peaches. Elimination or reduction of organophosphate insecticides and their replacement with reduced-risk insecticides has created the need to evaluate the activity and efficacy of these newly introduced insecticides. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the activity of the ecdysone agonists tebufenozide and methoxyfenozide for codling moth and oriental fruit moth and to develop management strategies for early season control of the two pests. Methoxyfenozide had greater activity than tebufenozide on codling moth and oriental fruit moth eggs and was active for at least 28 d. Residue breakdown of the two ecdysone agonists was similar, with 60 and 80% decline at 14 and 28 d after application, respectively. Effects of sublethal exposure to methoxyfenozide on the population dynamics of oriental fruit moth was studied in single tree cages and laboratory studies. Population differences were observed between treated and untreated field cages, but could not be directly attributed to sublethal effects of methoxyfenozide; no sublethal effects were observed in laboratory studies. The phenology of oriental fruit moth was studied using egg sampling and pheromone traps to increase the knowledge of the pest in apple. Oriental fruit moth eggs were found on cluster leaves early and on fruit late in the season, predominantly on the top leaf surface and calyx end of the fruit. A degree-day model for oriental fruit moth oviposition was developed and the start of second-generation oviposition was predicted to occur at 507 DD (7.2 C base temp) after peak trap catch. Spray timing of methoxyfenozide was varied for control of codling moth and oriental fruit moth; two applications applied at 21-d spray intervals provided high levels of control for both pests.