Master of Natural Resources Professional Papers

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Combining Non-Timber Forest Product Extraction and Selective Logging: Can it increase profits on Programme for Belize's lands?
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2000-02-07) Deason, Ginger
Deason, Ginger. Master of Natural Resources International Resources Technical Option. Combining Non-Timber Forest Product Extraction and Selective Logging: Can it Increase Profits on Programme for Belize’s Lands? By the end of the 20th century, the economic importance of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFPs) and the possibilities they provide for conserving the tropical rainforest were in the forefront of many management plans and ecological studies. Bayleaf palm (Sabal mauritiiformis) is one such NTFP found in the Rio Bravo Conservation and Management Area (RBCMA) of northwestern Belize. Recent studies have found that there are ecologically sustainable ways to harvest bayleaf and that there are commercial markets for bayleaf in Belize. Programme for Belize (PfB), owner of the RBCMA, has zoned areas for NTFP extraction but has not begun harvest of bayleaf. This study considers whether bayleaf harvest would be more feasible if it were combined on the same land as selective logging. The idea of combining selective timber harvesting with NTFP extraction in the same area is not new. Programme for Belize includes selective logging as a part of its management plan and could possibly extract bayleaf from selectively logged lands with little added disturbance of the surrounding forest, and with minimal added costs. PfB’s access to market and the current and future profitability of bayleaf harvest are crucial in determining if its extraction would be feasible. This study was undertaken to determine if harvest of bayleaf from timber extraction zones could increase PfB’s profits. The principal elements analyzed were added costs, demand, and market structure in order to (i) develop an estimate of the costs and revenues from bayleaf harvest by PfB, (ii) assess current and potential future trends in the demand for bayleaf, and (iii) determine the current structure of the bayleaf market and identify any obstacles to PfB’s participation in the market. Costs such as stock surveys, labor and transportation, were determined through observations and informal interviews. Surveys were conducted to get opinions on bayleaf and its demand. The market structure was evaluated through open-ended interviews, observations, and survey results. It was determined that a stock survey of bayleaf palm on the RBCMA could be added to the timber stock survey with minimal additional costs. Moreover, labor costs would be minimal. Depending on how PfB transports bayleaf from Hill Bank Field Station to the market, however, the transportation costs could be extremely high. Surveys conducted of three different groups revealed that most people believe bayleaf is increasing in demand (especially in the tourism sector), but is becoming less abundant. The opinions expressed in the surveys showed people believe that the price of bayleaf has been increasing over the past five years and will continue to increase in the future. The majority of the people surveyed also believe that certification of bayleaf as harvested sustainable could be beneficial in protecting the species, yet most lodges surveyed would be unwilling to pay more for leaf that was certified sustainable. A thorough review and assessment of the market structure of bayleaf for tourism operations indicated that there are two main markets within reach of PfB: the inland market and the island market. The inland market is composed of contractors, usually working with family members to harvest and transport the leaf, and has few players and points of exchange of leaf. The island market, on the other hand, has many players, many points of exchange, and more available options for transport and purchase. With a rise in use in tourism for tourist facilities, bayleaf could become a valuable commodity on the Belizean market. Currently, its price does not fetch enough for PfB to make a generous profit. However, PfB could possibly foster healthy community ties by allowing locals to enter the RBCMA and cut bayleaf for a small fee and still make a small profit. This would have to be carefully planned, as there could also be negative consequences (i.e. increased poaching on RBCMA). Furthermore, if the populations of bayleaf dwindle and the tourism sector continues to grow, attitudes of lodge owners might change making certification of bayleaf an option and increasing the price of the leaf as well as the profit margin for PfB.
Trees on Organic Farms
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2000-12-28) Mirrett, Erin
Mirrett, Erin. Master of Natural Resources – Forest Economics and Management Technical Option. Trees on Organic Farms According to the literature, tree management practices can contribute not only to the increased diversity and stability of a farm’s ecology, but also to the enhancement of the farm’s financial well being both directly and indirectly (Burley, 1987; Nair, 1993). The more farmers know about incorporating trees into their farmscapes, the more likely the farmers are to have a better understanding of all the benefits incurred from such practices. Although trees are commonly found on farms, they are not commonly integrated into the farming system in the United States (Lassoie & Buck, 2000). The purpose of this study is to determine whether or not organic farmers perceive or gain all the potential benefits of trees in their farmscapes. Data were collected via a nationwide survey of organic farmers. Specifically, the survey elicited information on the current use, knowledge base and attitudes among organic farmers in the United States regarding tree components on their farms. This survey also tested the assumption that all organic farms have at least one tree component on their property. Results of the survey of 51 respondents suggest that: (1) these farmers perceive more benefits than drawbacks from tree components on their farms, (2) all farmers have at least one tree component on their land, (3) aesthetics is listed most often as a benefit, (4) natural tree corridors and orchards are the most commonly found tree components, and (5) agroforestry, managed and unmanaged plantations are least common. Finally, farmers reported a strong interest in keeping trees on organic farms although they indicated a need to be better informed about agroforestry principles and guidelines for implementation and management of trees on their farms.
Comparison of Southern State Best Management Practices Used to Protect Water Quality during Forestry Operations
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2003-06-09) Scott, Jonathan
Comparison of Headwater Stream Origin Determination Methods
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2004-02) Carr, John D.
Abstract Carr, John David. Master of Natural Resources Spatial Information Systems Technical Option. Comparison of Headwater Stream Origin Determination Methods. Water Quality in North Carolina is being negatively impacted by sedimentation pollution and nutrient loading. Riparian Buffer Rules (RBRs) have been adopted in many watersheds to abate these impacts. USGS 1:24,000 topographic maps and USDA County Soil Survey maps are the planning tools used to deploy RBR regulations to the regulated community. Errors in the approximate depiction of streams are known to exist on the USGS 1:24,000 topographic maps. Thirty-two stream origins were delineated using N.C. Division of Water Quality Stream Classification Method on the 514-hectare Harris Research Tract (HRT) located in southwest Wake County, North Carolina. The most recent USGS 1:24,000 topographic map of this area approximately depicts ten streams on the HRT. Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis techniques were used to extract stream origin predictions form Aerial Photography, Digital Raster Graphic, Digital Line Graphic, Digital Elevation Model, and Light Detection and Ranging (LIDAR) data for the Harris Research Tract. The stream origin predictions extracted from each data layer were compared to the thirty-two stream origins located in the field. Difference in Euclidean distance was used to evaluate how well the predicted stream origins matched the thirty-two stream origins located in the field. The stream origin data generated using LIDAR more closely matched actual findings in the field than all other data layers tested. Technological advances in high resolution digital elevation data and terrain analysis software could potentially be used to improve the approximate depiction of streams on the USGS 1:24,000 topographic map.
The Sustainable Sandhills Initiative: A Comparative Analysis of North Carolina to the Sandhills Region
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2004-04-11) Dixon, Tracy
The Sustainable Sandhills Initiative: A Comparative Analysis of the Sandhills Region to North Carolina Tracy Dixon April 11, 2004 Executive Summary The Sustainable Sandhills Initiative (SSI), a regional effort of government, nonprofit, citizen, and private sector representatives, encompassing the North Carolina counties of Cumberland, Harnett, Hoke, Moore, Richmond, and Scotland, was formed in February 2003 to ensure long-term sustainability of this region. Through the formation of a baseline sustainability report including 53 environmental, social, and economic indicators measured over time, the region can gauge where it is in terms of current sustainability and how far it has to go to meet established desired end state goals. Current indictors were compared to previous regional trends as well as to statewide trends. A ranking system of green star, red alert, or yellow warning was used to evaluate current indicators. A green star classification means the indicator shows significant improvement; a red alert classification displays the indicator’s progression away from sustainability; and the yellow warning indicates neutral or inconsistent trends, or those indicators with incomplete information. Results reveal that 10 indicators (8 environmental, 1 social, and 1 economic) deserved green stars, 11 (4 environmental, 2 social, and 5 economic) warranted red alerts, and 32 (10 environmental, 11 social, and 11 economic) do not have enough information to yield consistent trends during the given the study period. These findings suggest that given current trends, the region would not be considered sustainable for long-term efforts given the high number of yellow warning and red alert indicators. These results will further aid in the SSI’s efforts to prioritize necessary changes to reach the region’s vision. The original intention of the SSI was to have the Metrics Committee and the air, water, energy, land, and waste community resource teams work closely with me in the development of the indicators. However, the first meeting of the Metrics Committee was not until February 19, 2004, and a more condensed time frame was needed for completion of this project. At the February meeting, the Committee agreed to allow the community resource teams to evaluate the available indicator data to determine how this data fits in with the team’s established desired-end states and identify where gaps in information need to be explored further. This was substituted for more substantive community involvement. The data analysis was done strictly for this project and will not be presented to the community resource teams ensuring teams ultimately decide which indicators to use to track long-term goals and how they should be interpreted. Many indicator projects take years to identify appropriate indicators with the purpose of creating community ownership and awareness through indicator development. Therefore, allowing the community resource teams to use the indicator data as a guide will act as the missing forum to empower the community. The baseline report and indicator information will be updated annually by the Sustainable Sandhills Metrics Committee and used as a tool for public education, as a means for meeting established goals, for prioritizing issues in need of further assessment, and in working towards appropriate policy objectives.
Linking forests to markets: chain of custody certification under the Forest Stewardship Council
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2004-05-07) Makino, Sae
Makino, Sae. Master of Natural Resources – International Resources Technical Option. Linking Forests to markets: chain of custody certification under the Forest Stewardship Council.
Outreach to limited resource forest landowners: creating extension materials for low literacy audiences
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2004-06-11) Mance, Kelly
Existing forestry extension and educational materials provided by public agencies in the southeastern United States generally require forestry knowledge and are written at a reading level above the average literacy level in many rural counties. The Sustainable Woodlands project at North Carolina State University has assumed, based on extensive consultation, that existing publications are formatted in ways that are less reader friendly and are likely to frustrate low literacy readers due to small font size and few illustrations. This research project 1) analyzed reading levels of existing forestry outreach materials available in the southeast; 2) developed new outreach materials that better meet the literacy needs of the target audience; and to 3) evaluated the new forestry outreach materials for content, style, and reading level (appropriate to audience) through conducting qualitative interviewing with landowners and state agency personnel. The publications that were developed start from basics, are written in nontechnical language, and have many illustrations that are closely related to the text and relevant to the intended audience. The literacy of outreach materials was analyzed using three literacy indices: FOG Index, and the Flesch Reading Ease and Flesch-Kincaid Grade Level Analyses (tools that accompany Microsoft Word software). All three techniques lead to essentially the same conclusion: existing forestry extension materials are generally not written at a level appropriate for the majority of people in the study counties. New forestry outreach materials were developed to better meet the educational needs of a limited resource, low literacy audience by following guidelines compiled from various sources and seeking input from reviewers. The first four publications are brief, highly focused materials that provide basic technical knowledge that landowners need to communicate with agency personnel as well as public and private assistance foresters. The first set of publications, entitled Woods Wise, provides detailed step-by-step information for example, the points that might be covered by an extension agent in a meeting with a landowner. The language is appropriate for someone reading at the fourth to sixth grade level. In contrast, the second set of publications, called Tree Tips, is brief fact sheets. All points are explained in short sentences and are illustrated with line drawings, directing landowners towards the next steps and providing further sources of information. Qualitative interviews were conducted with agency personnel and landowners to evaluate the new forestry outreach publications. In general respondents found the new publications easy to read, suggesting a font of 14 or higher and to focus for additional publications on hunting leases, pine straw production, and recreation. The evaluation of current materials provides useful guidelines for development of new materials. These new materials should be specially tailored for these audiences, and include topics such as heir property issues, sources of financial or technical assistance, timber marketing and environmental and wildlife issues. Much of the forestry information available online covers these topics, with the exception of heir property issues. Thus, one feasible approach to developing new publications is simply to revise existing materials. Limited resource and traditionally-underserved landowners are not as likely as other non-industrial private forest landowners to take part in extension and other educational programs. Research and literature reviews have shown that this audience prefers some type of face-to-face contact. Materials written at an appropriate reading level can complement this face-to-face contact. In order for extension staff to be more proactive in reaching this audience, agency personnel may need to tap the social capital found in the form of “breakfast clubs” and other groups that frequent restaurants and other venues in small towns, as well as examine the successes of the health and nutrition programs in reaching this audience.
Comparing the Influence of the Swift Creek/Middle Creek Homeowners Association and the Umstead Coalition in Altering Land Use Decisions
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2005-05) Swaim, Criss
Swaim, Criss. Master of Natural Resources – Assessment and Analysis Technical Option. Comparing the Influence of the Swift Creek/Middle Creek Homeowners Association and the Umstead Coalition in Altering Land Use Decisions This study utilizes a comparative case study method to evaluate the influence of two non-profit organizations active in the mid-1990s on land use decisions. In Wake County, North Carolina, the Middle Creek/Swift Creek Community Alliance and the Umstead Coalition worked to protect a parcels of land considered critical for environmental integrity and water quality. The Middle Creek/Swift Creek Community Alliance was focused on enforcing building regulations for the drinking water watershed and the Umstead Coalition defeated the building of a connector road, the Duraleigh Connector, through the Richland Creek cooridor. Each organization was evaluated from the perspectives of context, activities and outcomes achieved. Organizational histories and land use histories set the context for conflicts over development in watersheds that were considered environmentally sensitive. A narrative of the conflicts was then developed primarily from newspaper accounts. Using a policy science framework to map the social processes involved in each case, the outcomes were evaluated in terms of relationships between decision makers and organizations. As a final analysis, the outcomes were compared against each other to answer questions about the effectiveness of the activities. The results of the self-assessment were mixed. One organization expressed frustration and ineffectiveness while the other perceived success. In both of these cases, the effectiveness of actions to stop specific projects was evaluated differently even though in both cases the protested projects were not built. Effectiveness appears to be linked to four parameters: (1) Size of the issue - If the issue a narrowly defined project, like a road or dam, an organization can be very effective at influencing the policy process. However, if the issue a long-term, regional wide issue like watershed water quality protection, there does not appear to be the ability to control the outcomes. (2) Size of the organization – The size of the organization directly affects the influence of an organization. A larger membership has more avenues of contact to the decision makers and they are able to leverage those relationships to get a voice at the decision table. (3) Communication techniques – Dialogue that brings about viable solutions rather than polarizing positions tends to encourage discourse and bring legitimacy to the decision making process. (4) Use of science – Scientific information was not used in the process to develop viable alternatives. Rather, the tendency was use it to support pre-formed positions. The critical parameter appears to be the size of the membership. A large, well-connected membership has many avenues through which it can pursue influencing the decision making process. How well an organization manages these parameters can alter the outcomes if the activities lead to achieving a focused objective, such as stopping a road or advocating for a particular solution. However, when a broader objective, such as the protection of watershed water quality, is the goal, organizations tend to have difficulty achieving their outcomes. In each case discussed, when the broader goal of watershed water quality was evaluated, both watersheds were labeled impaired and unable to support the intended biotic functions. This calls into question the ability of non-profit organizations to protect environmental integrity.
The effects of the Healthy Forests Initiative, corresponding administrative reforms, and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act on the U.S. Forest Service’s implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act: does it serve the common interest?
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2006) Dumund, Melissa
This study investigates the effects of the Healthy Forests Initiative (HFI), corresponding administrative reforms, and the Healthy Forests Restoration Act (HFRA) on the implementation of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) by the U.S. Forest Service (Forest Service). Specifically, the study investigates whether HFI and associated reforms have resulted in decisions that serve the common interest. Fire Danger Sign at A-S National Forest The units of analysis for this study are three Environmental Assessments (EA) and corresponding decisions that were conducted under HFI and HFRA to reduce fuel loads in the Apache Sitgreaves (A-S) National Forest in Arizona. Archival document review, in-person, and telephone interviews were conducted to examine whether the three case studies of HFRA implementation represent common interest solutions. The analysis revealed that HFRA offers a savings in process time, a shift in focus to the WUI areas for treatment, and an increase in the number of proposed treatment acres with a completed environmental document. The analysis also revealed a concern for funding of “NEPA-ready” projects and concern that the pre-decisional appeals process under HFRA forces objectors to comment on a project before enough data are available to substantiate their concerns. The analysis revealed that the Apache County Community Wildfire Protection Plan (ACWPP) represents the common interest, as do two of the three EAs. The proposed action in one of the three EAs did not serve the common interest and fell short of addressing environmental concerns. This EA was objected under HFRAs pre-decisional appeals process by environmentalists. The study also found that participation in the ACWPP process did not necessarily include participation by individuals affected by the site-specific EAs. Thus, their interests may not have been represented in the ACWPP process.
Development of “green growth”: a conservation planning training module for urban planners in North Carolina
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2007-06) Presley, Jacquelyn
Herpetofaunal Species Richness of a Longleaf Pine (Pinus palustris)
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2008-01-07) Martin, Michael
The effects of local and state programs and policies on brownfields redevelopment trends in Raleigh, NC and Atlanta, GA
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2008-06-19) Jones, Richard
Hofmann Forest Wetland Mitigation Bank Restoration Plans Versons 1, 2 and 3
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2009-03-26) Andrews, Richard
The purpose of this compensatory mitigation bank site is the restoration of natural wetland function and ecological value that has been lost on 88 acres of the Hofmann Forest within the White Oak River Basin. At this particular site, wetland functions will be restored on 88 acres of land where wetland functions have been lost through ditching, draining and the conversion to agricultural land use. This site is a priorconverted wetland located in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. Specific goals include reestablishing an appropriate forested wetland plant community, reestablishing a natural hydrologic regime through deconstruction of the existing drainage network, reestablishing appropriate natural geomorphological characteristics, reestablishing habitat for macro and micro fauna, large and small game species, and reestablishing connectivity with surrounding natural or restored areas.
Connectivity in Wake County - a strategic analysis of the Wake County Consolidated Open Space Plan - greenways
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2009-03-26) Bukowy, Catherine
Bukowy, Catherine. Master of Natural Resources – Policy and Management. Connectivity in Wake County – A Strategic Analysis of the Wake County Consolidated Open Space Plan – Greenways. Wake County has identified the preservation and management of open space as a high priority for the county. One component of the open space plan is greenways, which are to help provide connectivity between natural areas, people and nature, and further aide in the protection of water and air quality. While these goals have been marked, and progress has been made, it has been done without detailed strategic planning and reflection and with only modest operational input. The purpose of this project is to assess the progress of greenways planning in the county based on the Consolidated Open Space Plan of 2006. The assessment relied on stakeholder input, as well as literature review of greenway planning in other areas and GIS analysis to determine if the county is on track to meeting its stated objectives. Review of the COSP reveals the use of multiple definitions of greenways, a nonspecific plan for greenway creation, and a detailed plan for greenway building. It is recommended that Wake County create a single definition on which to base its future greenway planning. Further data on the natural resources available within the county, as well as the true location of current greenways should be attained and placed in a geographic information systems database. GIS can assist in locating priority areas for natural resource conservation that may otherwise be indiscernible. Additional discussion with stakeholders concludes that there is great interest in the county in building greenways; however, Wake County would like to act more as a silent partner, assisting in land acquisition and possibly funding construction. Although there is great support from leaders in various governments, non-profit, and private groups the citizen voice through public involvement is little used. Land acquisitions have been previously funded through citizen approved bonds. Bonds have proven an unstable mechanism amidst the current economic crisis and another funding mechanism should be sought.
Integrated Watershed Management in North Carolina’s Upper Neuse Riverbasin: A Blueprint for Future Collaboration and Consensus
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2009-04-16) Kumar, Anjali
Kumar, Anjali Bala. Master of Natural Resources – Policy & Administration Technical Option. Integrated Watershed Management in North Carolina’s Upper Neuse Riverbasin: A Blueprint for Future Collaboration and Consensus The availability of clean and plentiful water in watersheds is often taken for granted, and is becoming increasing difficult to ensure. Water conservation to preserve future water availability is necessary particularly in rapidly urbanizing areas like the Triangle region of North Carolina. The main potential causes of water scarcity in North Carolina currently are population growth, uneven distribution of water, and overuse of the resource. Issues specific to North Carolina watersheds are aquifer depletion, saltwater intrusion, overuse, upstream/downstream issues, trans-boundary conflicts and water quality. A drought, as occurred in 2007, can amplify these problems, and the ability to adapt to drought is dependent on excellent management and adequate regulations. The use of an adaptive management approach, such as Integrated Watershed Management, which has been used to varying degrees of success in recent years, should be developed in the Upper Neuse River Basin region to best cope with these issues. Through an analysis of several case studies in watersheds where IWM has been used, key elements necessary for success will be identified and applied to the Upper Neuse River Basin and its stakeholders. This will help future water managers in the region cope with these evolving water quality and quantity issues.
Tree Trunks in North Carolina: An Evaluation of a Project Learning Tree Toolkit
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2010-05-14) Camfield, Sadie
Abstract Camfield, Sadie. Master of Natural Resources-Ecological Restoration Technical Option. Tree Trunks in North Carolina: An Evaluation of a Project Learning Tree Toolkit The Project Learning Tree resources, known as Tree Trunks, have been used in North Carolina since 1984 as a free supplement the Project Learning Tree K-8 curriculum for educators throughout the state. The 31 Tree Trunks are located at the Project Learning Tree Outposts, Educational State Forests, US Forest Service District Offices and North Carolina Division of Forest Resources District Offices across the state. Over time, many of the materials within the Tree Trunks were lost or damaged and the Tree Trunk managers have moved or retired without replacement. Two populations were surveyed to estimate the value of continuing the Tree Trunk program in North Carolina. The current Tree Trunk managers were surveyed in an effort to evaluate the current state of the Tree Trunks and to assess whether or not they were being used at the facilities that house them. To evaluate the possible use and relevance of the Tree Trunks to teachers today, the participants of the Sustainable Forestry Teachers Academy from the years 2007-2009 were surveyed. Together, these surveys provided information on the current use of the Tree Trunks, the most valuable resources included in the Tree Trunks and possible future implications to continuing the program. The surveys showed that many of the Tree Trunks were missing materials or outdated and few educators had been exposed to these resources. However, the Tree Trunks provide valuable free materials to teachers across the state. If the program was improved and the Tree Trunks were refurbished with up to date materials the Tree Trunks could become a major asset to increasing the level of environmental education in North Carolina.
Characteristics of Effective Communication Before and During a Wildland Fire Event: Evidence from the Hat Creek Complex Fire, 2009
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2010-10-20) Sawyer, Christopher
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY - Characteristics of Effective Communication Before and During a Wildland Fire Event: Evidence from the Hat Creek Complex Fire, 2009. By Chris Sawyer. Fire Management and Communication Communication is vital to public satisfaction, support, and collaborative action that can help address existing fire management challenges. To reduce the frequency and severity of large wildland fires, a more intense focus on preemptive fire management strategies (defensible space, prescribed burns, forest thinning, etc…) should be taken. Proactive and effective communication is an integral part of before and during fire activities. In previous studies, proactive communication before a fire was shown to increase knowledge and citizen support for fuels reductions which can aid alternative fire management strategies. Effective communication during a fire can affect public satisfaction with overall information provided during such events. Effective Communication Survey of the Affected Public on the Hat Creek Fires This study focused on how communication from the United States Forest Service (USFS) and local governments affected public satisfaction with the information received both before and during a wildland fire incident. Based on existing literature, effective communication characteristics were defined as the result of 1) planning, 2) message delivery, 3) integrating into the local context, and 4) building trust in the process. The hypothesis was that these four characteristics of effective communication were associated with greater levels of overall communication satisfaction before and during a wildland fire incident. During fall 2009, a Wildland Communication Survey (WCS) was administered to 1,000 people living within a 10 mile perimeter of the fires in the Hat Creek Complex (including the Brown, Sugarloaf and Butte Fires), in Northern California. Questions were asked about satisfaction with communication, planning, message delivery, integrating into the local context and trust. Results revealed the four characteristics of communication were related to overall satisfaction with communication before and during the Hat Creek Complex Fire. Analysis Satisfaction with Communication. To attain high levels of public satisfaction, communication between citizens and the agencies responsible for fire management should occur during all phases of the fire cycle. The majority of respondents from the Hat Creek indicated that they were satisfied with the overall information they received both before (60%) and during (68%) the fire. Forty percent before the fire and, 32% during the fire were not satisfied with the information they received. These results suggested that respondents were mostly satisfied with the information they received. They also indicated that more respondents were satisfied with the information they received from the USFS and local agencies during the fire compared to the information they received before the fire. Planning. Results from the survey indicated that communication from the USFS was clearly related to satisfaction both before and during the fire. Communication from local government was related to satisfaction before the fire, but not during the fire. Three explanations are possible for this finding. First, this may suggest that the local government agencies did not bear as much responsibility disseminating information during the fire; therefore the public did not rely on them. Second, local government agencies made attempts, but did not successfully disseminate information to the public during the fire. Third, the results could suggest that the Forest Service’s planning efforts prior to the fire may have helped establish more effective lines of communication during the fire than the local government. Message Delivery. Survey respondents used a variety of different information sources before and during the fire. These sources were broken down into unidirectional (TV, radio, etc...) and interactive modalities (conversations, meetings, etc...). Previous research has shown that interactive communication is a more effective way to develop support and acceptance for the selected fire management strategy. Descriptive analysis from the Hat Creek showed that respondents were using more unidirectional sources, compared to interactive sources, both before and during the fire. Respondents were however, more satisfied with overall communication when they used multiple information sources and interactive modalities that allowed them opportunities to ask questions and express concerns about the fire. Integrating into the Local Context. Effectively integrating into the local context can decrease the amount of uncertainty that the public associates with fire management and build their capacity to participate in developing and implementing solutions in the future. Three components of integrating into the local context at the Hat Creek were associated with greater levels of satisfaction before and during the fire. First, respondents that felt local resources were used well during the fire. Second, respondents who felt local knowledge and local concerns were integrated into planning before the fire. Third, respondents that felt the agencies took action to provide satisfactory answers to issues raised by the public before the fire. The results suggest that fire management officials successfully integrated into the local context of this fire. Building Trust. Building trust with the public is the culmination of effective planning, delivering information through multiple mediums, and incorporating a community’s local context into wildland fire communication strategies. Previous research indicates that public acceptance of alternative fire management strategies is associated with agency skill, credibility, and adequacy of communication efforts. The Hat Creek survey results showed that there was greater trust in unidirectional information sources rather than interactive information sources before and during the fire. Respondents were more satisfied with communication during the fire if they received credible and accurate information about the fire. The results also indicated respondents who trusted the USFS were more likely to be satisfied with communication. Sixty-nine percent of respondents trusted the USFS, while only 43% trusted local government. Lessons from the Hat Creek Fires As shown above, four characteristics of effective communication were related to overall satisfaction with information received both before and during the Hat Creek fire. More respondents were satisfied with communication efforts during the fire. Communication from the USFS was more likely to be associated with satisfaction than communication from local government. This may be because respondents trusted the USFS more than local government. Even though survey data indicated that respondents were satisfied with interactive information sources, respondents revealed that they had greater trust and were using more unidirectional information sources compared to interactive sources. Respondents were also more likely to be satisfied with communication when agencies incorporated local knowledge, local concerns, and local resources for fire both planning and response. The findings imply that the public was satisfied with communication before and during the fire. These lessons may help contribute to better communication practices and aid in more sound fire management in the future.
A Spatial Database of Existing and Potential North Carolina Renewable Energy (NCRE) Facilities and Resources
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2010-11-23) Cser, Helene
Abstract Cser, Helene. Master of Natural Resources – Assessment and Analysis Technical Option. Title: A Spatial Database of Existing and Potential North Carolina Renewable Energy (NCRE) Facilities and Resources A detailed Geographic Information System (GIS) based database has been created to show the locations of existing and potential renewable resources and their proximities to energy facilities capable of harnessing the energy to meet the requirements stated in the NC Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Portfolio Standard (REPS) and North Carolina’s Strategic Plan for Biofuels Leadership 2017. The purposes of this database are to (1) provide preliminary data to interested parties and (2) encourage sustainable renewable energy development for North Carolina. The renewable energy resources and facilities that are included in the database include: animal waste, secondary fuels (biodiesel, biogas, and ethanol), processing residues, electrical generators (co-firing coal plants, biomass facilities, wood fired boilers, operational and potential landfill gas projects, solar, wind, and small hydroelectric sources). The database also contains supporting data such as infrastructure, boundaries, and population centers. One problem with the wealth of resources is that they are widely dispersed across the North Carolina landscape. The expected significance of this spatial database is that it will provide a tool for encouraging economic growth within the renewable energy industry sector. It will also provide a baseline state inventory and help ensure the sustainable development of renewable energy. Those who will find this spatial database mapping useful include parties interested and involved in sustainable renewable energy development, such as the scientific community, energy developers, environmental groups, and local planners. The documentation and methods of data accumulation used to create this spatial database consisting of existing and potential renewable resources datasets gathered and created are provided. An overview of GIS (Geographic Information System) terminology, the geodatabase structure, and an explanation of the format used to describe the spatial database is provided for users new to GIS. A database assessment of the strengths, limitations, opportunities, and potential problems are provided as well. The spatial database currently exists on a server that is housed within the Forestry Department at the College of Natural Resources. It is recommended that all renewable energy data for North Carolina continue to be consolidated into one spatial database and updated frequently in order to provide beneficial information for all renewable energy sectors. The spatial database should be housed within an organization that will maintain and update the data, provide an interactive web application, and consulting services to interested parties. The organization that will house the spatial database should form partnerships with various state agencies, non-profit and private organizations, and universities. Finally, it is recommended that additional data and models be incorporated into the database to allow for more in depth spatial analysis.
Engaging Landowners without a Management Plan: A Social Marketing Approach
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2011-03-28) Dombrowski, Amelia
Dombrowski, Amelia. Natural Resources, Assessment and Analysis. Engaging Landowners without a Management Plan: A Social Marketing Approach Recent statistics from the National Woodland Owner Survey indicate that only 25% of North Carolina woodland landowners have received management advice and only 9% currently have forest management plans. The NC Division of Forest Resources is utilizing research information to improve communication between woodland landowners and the natural resource professionals that serve them. Their goal is twofold: 1) inform landowners of the associated benefits and opportunities for forest stewardship and/or management, and 2) increase landowner’s engagement to seek management advice and to become more active land managers. A social marketing approach was implemented to identify prime prospect landowners in North Carolina most likely to be receptive to stewardship practices and actively engage in DFR services. Perspective candidates were identified and a detailed communication plan was created with specific targeted messages. An engagement plan survey was then sent to natural resource professionals in order to gain insight and perspective. The survey revealed that social marketing training and proper materials were needed to engage natural resource professionals with prime prospects in North Carolina. Materials and tools were prepared for professionals to enroll landowners into US forest service programs and developing an active management plan on their land.
An Interactive Web Mapping Application for Alternative and Renewable Energies in North Carolina
(North Carolina State University. College of Natural Resources, 2011-03-29) Knight, Jessica
Abstract Knight, Jessica. Masters of Natural Resources – GIS Technical Option Biomass is coming to the forefront of renewable energies, especially in the state of North Carolina. The Renewable Energy Portfolio Standard that was passed in 2007 sparked an interest in the state in this sector, along with increased pellet demands in Europe and a desire for clean and “home grown” fuels. Companies are seeking to build their businesses in North Carolina and want to know just what the state has to offer them. In a world of technology, everyone is looking for a way to solve problems quicker and easier, even in the renewable energy sector. There are several web mapping applications that are in use or are being developed that make use of spatial information relating to renewable energies and resources. Some of these applications are just used for basic data viewing, and others carry out basic analysis functions. This interactive web application, or IMS, makes use of several spatial data layers, an algorithm, and a python script to create a map that is then put onto the web utilizing the ArcServer 10 environment. Several biomass-based commodities are utilized in the IMS: hardwoods, softwoods, cultivated crops, and hay. The IMS has a custom analysis tool that allows a user to enter two commodities of interest, the percentage of each commodity is required, and a distance in miles. The result of the analysis is a raster map displaying the total amount of the commodities, based on the requirements input by the user, throughout the analysis area. White areas of the map are desirable, as they are areas with high levels of the commodity and black areas are less desirable areas. This tool will be used as a way to get prospective companies interested in the state of North Carolina and involve them in the analysis process. Currently, this application is not available to the public, but it will continue to be improved upon and more tools will be added. The user interface will be made more userfriendly, with more than two commodities able to be selected, with all but one being optional. Costs will also be added to the analysis tools to create more real-world analysis scenarios. After improvements are made, this application will be made public for prospective companies to make use of and explore the state for biomass-based renewable energy generation.

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