Effects of neonicotinoid-coated seeds on solitary bees and alternatives to these insecticides: a scoping review

Abstract

When it comes to pollination, solitary bees deserve all the buzz. Solitary bees comprise the majority of the global bee population, and with their varying sizes and abilities, they are extremely efficient in pollinating a variety of crops. Their numbers are dwindling, however, as these species are in peril due in part to the widespread use of neonicotinoid-coated seeds. Finding alternatives to neonicotinoid-coated seeds is paramount for the future of these important pollinators. To better understand the effects of neonicotinoid-coated seeds on solitary bees, as well as alternatives to the use of these insecticides, I conducted a two-part scoping review. Results of this review demonstrate that neonicotinoid-coated seeds cause far-reaching effects on solitary bees, both acutely and chronically. These effects range from decreased oral intake to paralysis and mortality, as well as reproductive effects which ultimately impact the potential for future generations. The most bee-friendly alternative to neonicotinoid-coated seeds is the use of conservation agricultural practices including early sowing and plant cover and utilizing no-till methods which create minimal soil disturbances. Most neonicotinoid alternative studies included in this review did not specifically focus on solitary bees. More research is needed in order to encourage an evidence-based shift away from the use of toxic neonicotinoids.